A mom before the Prom Essay Example for Free

A mom before the Prom Essay Teen pregnancy has been gravelly increased in the last few years. Bad media influences (Many programs at TV programs or sexual content movies as well as other mediums) can be the factors that teen girls nowadays are getting a wrong advice that teen motherhood can a common way to live. Partners and friends’s bad influence is making them think that is right to have sex at a young age and will make them feel more popular. In that regards, this essay by Cristina page is restating the issue that more forms of bad media and wrong people’s influences are available today than ever before and consequently teens girls are much more exposed to a lot of information and these sometimes switch teen girl’s mind to do something wrong when they think is totally normal and it also has made teen girls to believe that having children at a young age might be beneficial because they think giving a child for adoption might improve their fortune giving them away for millions of dollars , so it can’t ruin her adolescence too but in reality it can really affect them. Personally I can share the view of the author in this essay: Teen pregnancy is in reality one of the most difficult experiences a teen girl might ever face when that can interrupt her education or other plans such as getting a better career or maintain fathers with them, but most of the time it doesn’t work and that’s when the situation gets worse. Children usually grow without a father figure when their parents have them at a very young age or sometimes they don’t even live with both parents because they can’t take care of them or support them economically. So when this children start to live without a parental guide , they grow adopting a bad behavior and getting the wrong advices from other bad people and turned into criminals , stealers, or other people of bad reputation because they live in a poor ambient without having a parent who can guide and help them to raise their levels of education. Most of the time, when teen moms decide to have a baby, teen girls don’t really take care of their babies when they are still formatting inside their body as old mothers and because of their immaturity, sometimes they don’t realize the huge damage they cause to their babies if they start smoking and drinking or working so hard because now they need to support themselves economically carrying heavy stuff when they have to rest the most during their pregnancy. Children are tending to born prematurely, with a disease, a mental retardation or even born death. Usually we think that there’s not any difference of acquiring the same standards of education or a good life when a kid’s parents are so young and the other’s parent are more mature. The children of teen parents can suffer more of abuse at home and at school or disregard from their parents and grow more with farness or adopt a bad behavior, so that implies that they could not do so well at school, they could get lower grades and repeat their classes or drop out from High School without completing their education. This might increase the raise of poverty in families with young parents too and this leads society into decreasing its economy too. I really enjoyed reading this essay because it deals with a controversial issue and restates the causes of why teen pregnancy is becoming a worldwide problem, it must be thought in class so we can share our own viewpoints about it. 10-) – I encourage people to consider more this issue because if we want a better life for our

J M Smucker Company Marketing Essay

J M Smucker Company Marketing Essay J.M Smucker Company has been providing the quality products to consumers since 1879. Jeromer Monroe Smucker, the founder of Smucker Company introduced the Company with limited products of jams, jellies, and preserves. To grow existing brands, introduce new products, and make strategic acquisitions is the main J.M Smuckers corporate strategy. These three strategies are focus mainly on the North America. Today, Smucker Company exceeds in manufacturing and marketing of fruit spreads, retail packaged coffee, peanut butter, shortening and oils, ice cream toppings, sweetened, condensed milk, and health and natural beverage all across North America. J.M Smucker has its own house brand and is the owner of all trademarks except Pillsburry, the Barrelhead logo. Its house brand includes Smucker, Folgers, Dunkin Donut, Jif, Crisco, Eagle, R.W. Knudsen, Hungry Jack, Cafà © Bustelo, White Lily, Five Roses, and Carnation etc. With the policy of Owning and Marketing Number 1 brand sold all around the North America, Smucker Company has been able to remain in the top quartile of Fortunes magazine since the magazine created the ranking. SWOT Analysis Strengths The Company is able to become No. 1 food brand Company in North America because of its remarkable strengths. Smuckers has always been cautious in the series of the acquisition of new Company. Smuckers tries to acquire only established brands than building a new brand from scratch. They also focus on the only brands they think they could develop globally and reduce the number of unwilling items. Smuckers Company has the ability to shift sales to products with higher margins increasing the efficiency and pulling down the unit costs. J.M Smucker never back up themselves when it comes with competing branded food manufacturers or private-label manufacturers. Smuckers strengths also include its ability to keep employees happy and it remains Fortune Magazines top 25 companies. Weakness Even though the Company was doing better in USA, Canada, and Australia; however, globally the company was becoming less relevant. The Companys 2001 annual sales were far less comparatively to other big companys sales. The Company small size and limited product line made it less capable in competitive bargain advantages and in store production. The Company was lacking house-sale product and also lacking of effective marketing for their low sugar free jams. There could be a possible susceptible to lawsuits from product mislabeling. Opportunity J.M Company has been producing attractive products and brands. But huge competitors with the big scale such as Nestle were also encouraging Smuckers Company to go from limited product line to consolidation in order to have a smooth flow in the business. Thus co-branding with other companies, taking over the Multifoods, and targeting baby boomers those were looking for peanut butter substitutes makes the most of the opportunity. They also got the opportunity of a service division to restaurant, schools, hospital, college students, corporate, private schools, and country club. During the 90s the woman working outside was increasing remarkably; they were eating their lunches outside their houses that helps increase significant percentage in food market. The Company increase overall profitability. Threat There were many external threats to the Smucker Company; major one includes the competition such as Kraft, Nestle, and Campbell. Another threat concludes the fierce competition between the branded food manufacturer and private label manufacturer. Private manufacturers price was attractively below then the branded label. There was a significant increase in the fruit prices from growers that leads the Company use less real fruit decreasing the quality of the product. Consumer tastes were also considers a substantial psychological threat which could make the customer substitute the Smuckers product with others. Recommendation Smucker is a small Company comparing to the giant Company like Nestle. In the competitive market, Smuckers has done its best performance by acquiring the other company making the Company looks bigger. But such rapid consolidation can cause a lot of problem. The latest addition of Crisco and Jiff, as well as much other small and big company has created much concern for the Smukers company. Smuckers sales was projected to go up from $ 651 million in 2001 to 3$ billion in 2002, nearly four times larger. Such marketing plan can cause the Corporates culture and management problem. Smuckers Company need to take it easy in the acquisition process and shouldnt rush trying to increase the majority sell. Smuckers must bring change in the management and make sure of the Companys better culture. The management of each unit needs to be reorganized with a new division. The second recommendation to Smuckers Company is while making a decision weather which product to keep on the market. Company should only focus on the profitability unit and eliminate the product that hasnt added any value to the companys operation. Doing so, Company will have a strong control into its operation. Company should try its best to regulate on further horizontal integration until it is well establish and ready for the vertical integration. For the continued success of the company, research and development would be very important. R D has made it possible for the companys largest growth segment in their Un-Crustable products. Improvement in the technology and innovation will offer the Company with best packaging design that will increase the number of customers. They should also investigate the cost saving measures in production, marketing, and distribution because the market for Smuckers is quiet cost sensitive. Product and process innovation will definitely bring the cost benefit to the company. .

The Significance of Women in Chaucers The Cantebury Tales Essay

The Significance of Women in Chaucer's The Cantebury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Geoffrey Chaucer's The Cantebury Tales, many stories are told leading to a wide range of topics.   One particular and significant topic Chaucer touches on many times is the role of women.   In stories such as The Millers Tale, The Knight's Tale, and the Wife of Bath's Tale the women of each story are portrayed extremely different.   Alisoun, Emelye, and the wife of Bath, each exemplify three dissimilar ways in which women love.   The way Chaucer describes each of these characters is dependent on the out come of each particular story.   Chaucer is careful with his word choice and figurative language with each woman, enabling the reader to get a very visual and sometimes humorous picture.    Since the Miller's Tale is a parody of the Knight's Tale there is great wit when it comes to the role that Alisoun plays. Emelye on the other hand, is constructed in a more serious and respectful way. Emelye of the Knight's Tale has two men madly in love with her- Arcite and Palamon.   These two men are imprisoned for life and can only imagine the idea of loving and having Emelye as a wife.   Palamon upon seeing Emelye cries, "Into myn herte, that wol my bane ./ The fairnese of that lady that I see / Yond in the gardyn romen to and fro / Is cause of al my criying and my wo. / I noot where she be woman or goddesse. . . (1097-1101). His statement of love is so profound that Palamon is not even sure if Emelye is a woman or a goddess, but is sure of her "fairness" and beauty. Arcite also loves Emelye and ridicules Palamon's thoughts about Emelye being a goddess, he states,   "Though woost nat yet now / Wheiter she be a womman or goddesse"(1156-1157).   When Arcite falls in... ...e and foolish people can act while in love; this is something that many stories try to teach their readers.   Finally, somehow, Chaucer may have been reaching out to women with The Wife of Bath's Tale, although some believe she is used as an anti-feminist tool, perhaps Chaucer's point was to have that woman teach other women the positives of being in control.   No matter what message these women bring, Chaucer clearly appreciates their importance not only to his readers, but also to his tales. Works Cited Brown, Peter.   Chaucer at Work:   The Making of the Cantebury Tales. New York: Longman Group, 1994. Cooper, Helen.   The Structure of The Cantebury Tales. Athens: The University Of Georgia Press, 1984. Pursell, Willene van Loenen.   Love and Marriage in Three English Authors: Chaucer, Milton, and Eliot.   Stanford: Leland Stanford Junior University, 1963.

Management at Tesco :: Business Management Studies

Management at Tesco Introduction 1920s Tesco was founded in 1924, when T.E. Stockwell, a partner in a firm of tea suppliers, and Sir Jack Cohen came together. Legend has it that Sir Jack Cohen used his gratuity from his Army service in the First World War to start selling groceries in London's East End markets in 1919. The brand name of Tesco came from the initials of T.E. Stockwell and first two letters of Cohen. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware. 1930s Self-service supermarkets first opened in the USA in the 1930s, during the depression. They soon realized that by selling a wider variety and larger volume of stock, and employing fewer staff, they could offer lower prices to the public. The Tesco business prospered and grew in the years between the war. 1940s In 1947 Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd was floated on the Stock Exchange, with a share price of  £ 25. The price at the beginning of February 2002 was around  £ 2.42. Self-service stores came to Britain after the Second World War, and Jack Cohen opened the first Tesco self-service store in St Albans in 1948. 1950s In 1956 the first Tesco self-service supermarket was opened in a converted cinema in Maldon. 1960s By the early 1960s, Tesco had become a familiar name. As well as groceries, the stores sold fresh food, clothing and household goods. The Tesco store, which opened in Leicester in 1961, had 16,500 square feet of selling space and went into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe. During this period, Tesco introduced trading stamps so that it could bring lower prices to its customers. Tesco introduced the concept of the superstore in 1967 when it opened a 90,000 square feet store in Westbury, Wiltshire. The 'superstore' was a new concept in retailing and the term was first used when Tesco opened its store in Crawley, West Sussex, in 1968. 1970s By 1970, Tesco was a household name, its reputation built on providing basic groceries at very competitive prices. But as people become better off, they looked for more expensive luxury items. In the late 1970s the company decided to make its stores more attractive to a wider range of customers. Tesco introduced more superstores, which sold a broader range of goods, and had wider aisles and better lighting. In one year, in the late 1970s, the Tesco market share increased from 7% to 12% and, in 1979, its annual turnover reached  £ 1 billion for the first time. 1980s During the 1980s, Tesco continued to build new superstores, opening its 100th in 1985. In 1987 it announced a  £ 500 million programme to

Essay --

The battle for customers has brought personal computer prices temptingly low. Which kind of computer is better for the business user to buy--an Apple or a PC that runs Microsoft Windows software? Used to be simple to pick a personal computer for home use but if people wanted a simple software computer that would be Mac. If you needed lots of cheap computing power for complicated tasks, or didn't care so much about user-friendliness, you bought an IBM-style PC. Since PC have a more compatible system hardware makes it more versatile but vulnerable to malware and viruses but Mac and PC users are safer after installing up-to-date antivirus software. Since PC is a better personal computer to run small businesses because of the power to managed the information and storing it . Mac and PC are really similar to each other, but the price differs because of the named of the brand but PC are not bound by one company. it has alternative companies creating the hardware that’s why PC's are cheap. Research conducted by David Kirkpatrick indicates that Pc has 47% of machines and still growing, but Mac's has only 11% of computer, we could argue which computer has better quality but Mac could reduce the value of their computers to acquire the same quality of a PC. PC Different OEMs and even custom build PCs might not have the suitable drivers released for every components in each OS version, incompatibles, lagging may occur. Maybe cannot reach expected performance.Since Apple manufactures all updates, hardware and software Mac's run smoothly and stable performance. Custom build PC's are the ones that create most of the problems in home computers, but manufactures that sell PC's to customers don’t bring any kind of problems with their compat... ...g the Mac fans. It also leaves Apple remarkably vulnerable when innovations go wrong - the ill-fated Cube placed the company in deep trouble, taking them out of the market and wasting a lot of money on a system that’s doesn’t work so well. this also applies for games since Mac doesn’t support too many games making them drop their market really low when it comes to gaming. Personal Computers are design for home and business use, Pc are simple, affordable and upgradable making them really versatile to any used on a home. Computers are a part of our daily life making Mac are useless for personal computing. PC PRO a specialize website that reviews the Pros and Cons about computers. Many reviews from this website say that Mac is only great for media purposes. Also PC is the most familiar computer in the world making the customers feel comfortable with their purchase.

Transfer Essay

When I applied to colleges as a high school student, I had little idea where I wanted to go or what I wanted to accomplish. I was living in Ethiopia, where things I take for granted now, such as internet connection, were very scarce. Therefore, as far as I was concerned, looking up and researching colleges was a luxury. My mother tried her best to help out, but since she hasn’t done this process in a very long time she could only offer me little advice. I was unsure about how to start the process and I felt very overwhelmed and hesitant. I was also afraid that I might end up in Addis Ababa University, where the standard is below par, if I failed in my college application to the US. I had to act fast because I knew that I would never forgive myself if I failed to grab the opportunity to come back to America for college. Since deadlines were approaching, I picked four schools based on superficial attributes and rushed myself into applying. I was accepted into three colleges which enabled me to relax a bit about my future. I applied for scholarships in each of the school, so when it came down to the financial aid, St. Johns University ended up giving me more so I headed there. I wish to transfer, mostly because I seek a greater challenge. Currently, I do work hard and it has paid off but in the end I wish to challenge myself more and I believe I can obtain that through a transfer. Since last year I have taken much consideration and time to choose which schools can provide greater opportunities and challenges that I want and need to obtain a successful education; the opportunity to learn through the diversity and wider selection within the psychology department, and the challenge that comes with the prestigious reputation of each school. I also sought variety when I considered schools; I wish to transfer to a school that can offer variety both academically and socially, academically with the larger psychology department and socially with the size of the school. I believe variety is important, especially in a broad major such as psychology, for it will help me narrow down a specific area that I wish to further study. Social variety can provide much opportunity to find my place in a larger school. Another factor I wish to achieve from a transfer is control. Last year I felt I had little control of where I could go. My options were limited and I was forced to choose; therefore, there options were not what were best suited for me and my major. Now with proper time and management I can give myself the choice. Finally, College was completely unknown to me a year ago but now I have a successful first semester done and ready to start the next. Unfortunately, I don't envision myself graduating from my current university because the only factor I have become a part of is my studies, I haven't found any place where I feel comfortable and included, but with the size of my university options are limited. The universities I am applying to have an enthusiasm spirit that comes with pride. Each has a community of students who have taken much pride in their work. If admitted, I know I can contribute my own enthusiastic pride for the school and my work. Although my current university wasn't my ultimate choice I have made the best of it and it has helped me to know what to expect from college and what I wish to obtain from a transfer. I am confident in my decision for each of these schools because each can offer me challenges, opportunities, variety, control, and a chance to have a more productive college experience. As my transcript shows, I have done well at Amherst and I am convinced I can meet the academic challenges of Penn. I know I would grow at Penn, and your program in anthropology perfectly matches my academic interests and professional goals.

Films semiotic analysis Essay

In every day life we are surrounded with imaginative constructs about gender: magazines, billboards, books, games, TV. They teach us what is natural every day. Which tells us how men and women differ in so many different ways. Creating myths like â€Å" You are not normal, if you won’t find anyone†, â€Å"You can’t be good without man†, many variations of â€Å"Beauty myths†. This essay will focus first on the film The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009) arguing about gender issues, furthermore the films The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001) and Legally Blond (Luketic, 2001) will be analyzed to support the argument in which the heroines portrayed as pathetic beings, not able to do anything without men, even they work on high positions in law, on television and being Princess. Essay will use Gender perspective and will answer questions like what is to be an woman and what is to be an man. The Ugly Truth film (Luketic, 2009) offers us whole range of different myth and stereotypes. The movie indicates huge difference between main hero-Mike and heroine-Abby. They are presented as a black and white. Abby – not confident, truly believe in love, excited about everything, naà ¯ve. Mike –very confident, doesn’t believe in relationship, very skeptic, and extremely arrogant, pretty straight forward. â€Å"Many aspects of masculinity myths are concerned with the assertion of toughness, stoicism, courage, and the distinguishing of this form a ‘soft’ feminity that belongs to woman†(Horrocks, 1995, p. 18) (Paraphrase) Mike is very successful, gets promoted and changes jobs few times through the movie. Whereas Abby stays at the same job at all the time. Even though she has a high position, her boss is a man. The entire film supports the idea of how important his role is and how Abby’s role is insignificant. Firstly He comments: â€Å"You are here to make sure I am ok†. Secondly at the senior management meeting, she tries to introduce her boyfriend. Meanwhile the men are completely oblivious to her and continue to talk about more important things like they support Mike for bringing two girlfriends at the dinner. Another example is there are two newscasters wife and husband, main hero claims that wife emasculating the husband by earning more money. â€Å"In relation to masculinity, it might lead us to expect that the pervasive images of men would be dominance, arrogance, and power.†( Dunlap & Johnson, 2013, p. 4)(Paraphrase) One of the popular myths is â€Å" You are not normal, if you won’t find anyone†.  These myth show the density of messages, many of them are inconsistent, that face women about work and relationships. Hersey claims that Females ambitions at work presented in films are just as important as relationships (2007). She exemplify: â€Å"In Legally Blond, sorority girl Elle Woods (Reese Witherspoon) enrolls in Harvard Law School to win back her boyfriend, only to discover that she would rather be a lawyer than a society wife. â€Å"(Hersey, 2007) But at the end of the film she is dating another lawyer and gets engaged to him. Lets parallel it to The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009). The heroine has a very important job, she is a producer, but there is a scene where she waits for her boyfriend to go on a date but then her boss shows up saying they have a very important meeting. Abby answers: †I can’t, I have a date with Collin†. She puts relationships as her priority. However Kosut says that women are portrayed as desperate for romance. (2012, p.111) Furthermore according to Kosut, women intend to do anything to be in a relationship, because love is represented as the greatest delineation of success. (2012, p.111). Going back to Legally Blond (Luketic, 2001), Elle Wood changes her whole life to get her boyfriend back. Mia chooses to go to the beach with a guy, leaving her friends when they need her help, because love is more important. These films reinforcing the ideology that women have to find a partner otherwise you are abnormal. † Implicit in third myth is that each woman should strive to become the chosen one; and if she does not achieve this, she is considered in some way inherently deficient.† (Worell, 2001, p.190) Romantic comedies genre pushes the ideology of finding someone, Fairytale myth of the couple ending up together and of course final kiss reapets again and again: The Ugly truth (Luketic, 2009), The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001), Brigit Jones’s Diary (Maguire, 2001), Pretty Woman (Marshall, 1990), Life As We Know It (Berlanti, 2010). This list can go on and on. There is no doubt that to find someone, you need to be good-looking. It is bringing up the Beauty myths, which tells us we are never perfect. Hersey has a different opinion; she thinks that the makeover moment in the films helps heroines to find their true identities rather than an effort to attract men. (2007). However Mia in The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001) wants to be attracted by Josh, in The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009) Abby agrees to make over just to get attracted by Collin. In the Pretty Women (Marshall, 1990), heroine gets makeover to be socially accepted. Signifiers of the Beauty myth: from the beginning of the films like Pretty Woman (Marshall, 1990), The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009), The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001), heroines are beautiful but social constructions tells us it would be never enough. Interesting fact is that all makeovers ruled by males. â€Å"Hollywood romantic dramas reinforce the ideology that woman entirely dependent on their male lovers.† (Gill, 2007, p. 79)(Leave quote as is) In the film The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009) Abby is shown as ‘a looser’, because she can’t find a boyfriend, she ruins everything on each date she goes. That’s why there is Mike fearless, confident male, who knows everything about relationships helps Abby to get her a boyfriend. But, it is also interesting to note that these women were also portrayed as dependent â€Å"submissive, less intelligent, and were usually cast in the role of homemakers† (Lovdal, 1989, p. 722) (Paraphrase) These women also managed to attend to the cooking, cleaning, house keeping, and other needs of their children and husbands†¦these tasks were perfomed while remaining immaculately attired, usually and most often in a dress, hells, and perfect make-up. (Toth & Aldoory, 2001, p. 224) (Paraphrase) For instance Abby is the main character in The Ugly truth (Luketic, 2009), waiting for her boyfriend in the most sexiest outfit, when boyfriend shows up, asking what was she doing, her answer is: â€Å"Doing the dishes† â€Å"All the beauty myths promote the idea that beauty is the most vital aspect of woman’s being. (Worell, 2001, p.190) Men will do important jobs, will help you with everything. All you have to do is to be beautiful. All gender myths are firmly connected to each other and one myth is the continuation of another one. A part of beauty myth is presentation of women as sexual objects. Again Hersey doesn’t agree with this â€Å"Yvonne Tasker argues that working women in the â€Å"New Hollywood† are often linked to sexual availability and prostitution, but these heroines’ work in journalism, international diplomacy, criminal justice and law does not make them more sexually  available to men†(2007) They are portrayed in the movies as sexual objects, for example the film The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009), the main hero Mike coaches the heroine Abby into thinking that if she wants to be attractive to man she has to be sexually available †show your breasts and say good bye†(at the end of her date with a guy she wants to be her boyfriend), at the make over moment the Mike says to Abby : â€Å"a man needs something to grab on other than your ass†, †you have to be two people a librarian and a stripper †, †what’s wrong with comfort and efficiency?- nothing, except no one wants to fuck it †, †we need a bra for my friend that they can stand up and say hello† In addition Hersey says â€Å"Elle is more obviously sexual, but her sexuality is always dignified even when Warner’s fiancà ©e tricks her into attending a party wearing a Playboy Bunny outfit†(2007). Legally Blond (Luketic, 2001) is filled with sexuality, the entire movie is banter over what is it to be a woman. Worell certifies there are â€Å"Media stereotypes that suggest there are expected roles for women including women as sexual objects, women as submissive and less knowledgeable.† (2001, p.703)(Paraphrase) The myth is that women are not able to do anything except be a sexy doll-Barbie. Moreover clothing and hair color are key signifiers, with Elle choosing the colour pink for her clothes and her hair is blonde. Elle is portrayed as ditzy and scatty and that her being selected for Harvard because she is hot and pretty. â€Å"Beauty myths give meaning to women’s beauty as they serve to upholds the importance of attractiveness in women’s lives.† (Worell, 2001, p.190)(Paraphrase) â€Å"Ultimately, this conflation of beauty and being fosters the social control of women.† (Worell, 2001, p.190) (Paraphrase) Many people in daily life watch TV or go to the Cinema to relax and escape from every day routines. Nevertheless the entertainment sends countless messages about gender. One could argue that use of myths create ideology that affect the people in certain ways. Why? Because we see these myths repeating again and again, most of the myths became a clichà ©. â€Å"Film makers consistently place women in secondary roles, or in positions that emphasize their sexuality, weaknesses, desperation. Men, on the other hand, typically assume roles of great importance and depict characters who are adventurous, charming, and strong. Although exceptions to these patterns exist, for the  most part Hollywood films continue to support traditional ideas of gender and cultivate similar ideologies.† (Kosut, 2012, p.113) (Paraphrase) Reference list: Berlanti, G. (2010). Life As We Know It [Film]. USA: Warner Bros. Pictures Dunlap, R. & Johnson, W.C. (2013). Consuming contradiction: Media, masculinity and (hetero) sexual identity. Leisure : Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure, 37(1), 69. Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the media. Cambridge, UK: Polity. Hersey, E. (2007). Love and microphones: Romantic comedy heroines as public speakers. Journal of Popular Film & Television, 34(4), 149-158. Horrocks, R. (1995). Male myths and icons: Masculinity in popular culture. Basingstoke, Hants: St. Martins Press. Kosut, M. (2012). Encyclopedia of gender in media. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications. Lovdal, L. T. (1989). Sex role messages in television commercials: An update. Sex Roles, 21(11/12), 715-724. doi:10.1007/BF00289804 Luketic, R. (2009). The Ugly Truth [Film]. USA: Columbia Pictures. Luketic, R. (2001). Legally Bloned [Film]. USA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Maguire, S. (2001). Briget Jones’s Diary [Film]. UK: Miramax Films. Marshall, G. (2001). The Princess Diaries [Film]. USA: Buena Vista Pictures. Marshall, G. (1990). Pretty Woman [Film]. USA: Buena Vista Pictures. Toth, E. L., & Aldoory, L. (2001). The gender challenge to media: Diverse voices from the field. Cresskill, N.J: Hampton Press. Worell, J. (2001). Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press.